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<title>Open-source software development</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Open-source software development</span></span>

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<p><b>Open-source software development (OSSD)</b> is the process by which <a href="Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">open-source software</a>, or similar software whose <a href="Source_Code_Management" class="mw-redirect" title="Source Code Management">source code</a> is publicly available, is developed by an <b>open-source software project</b>. These are software products available with its source code under an <a href="Open-source_license" title="Open-source license">open-source license</a> to study, change, and improve its design. Examples of some popular open-source software products are <a href="Mozilla_Firefox" class="mw-redirect" title="Mozilla Firefox">Mozilla Firefox</a>, <a href="Chromium_(web_browser)" title="Chromium (web browser)">Google Chromium</a>, <a href="Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a>, <a href="LibreOffice" title="LibreOffice">LibreOffice</a> and the <a href="VLC_media_player" title="VLC media player">VLC media player</a>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<p>In 1997, <a href="Eric_S._Raymond" title="Eric S. Raymond">Eric S. Raymond</a> wrote <i><a href="The_Cathedral_and_the_Bazaar" title="The Cathedral and the Bazaar">The Cathedral and the Bazaar</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Raymond_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raymond-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this book, Raymond makes the distinction between two kinds of <a href="Software_development" title="Software development">software development</a>. The first is the conventional <a href="Closed-source" class="mw-redirect" title="Closed-source">closed-source</a> development. This kind of development method is, according to Raymond, like the building of a cathedral; central planning, tight organization and one process from start to finish. The second is the progressive open-source development, which is more like "a great babbling bazaar of differing agendas and approaches out of which a coherent and stable system could seemingly emerge only by a succession of miracles." The latter analogy points to the discussion involved in an open-source development process.

</p><p>Differences between the two styles of development, according to Bar and Fogel, are in general the handling (and creation) of <a href="Bug_report" class="mw-redirect" title="Bug report">bug reports</a> and <a href="Feature_requests" class="mw-redirect" title="Feature requests">feature requests</a>, and the constraints under which the programmers are working.<sup id="cite_ref-Barfogel_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barfogel-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In closed-source software development, the programmers are often spending a lot of time dealing with and creating bug reports, as well as handling feature requests. This time is spent on creating and prioritizing further development plans. This leads to part of the development team spending a lot of time on these issues, and not on the actual development. Also, in closed-source projects, the development teams must often work under management-related constraints (such as deadlines, budgets, etc.) that interfere with technical issues of the software. In open-source software development, these issues are solved by integrating the users of the software in the development process, or even letting these users build the system themselves.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Model">Model</h2></div>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="Open-source_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Open-source model">Open-source model</a>.</div>

<p>Open-source software development can be divided into several phases. The phases specified here are derived from <i>Sharma et al</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sharma_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sharma-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A diagram displaying the process-data structure of open-source software development is shown on the right. In this picture, the phases of open-source software development are displayed, along with the corresponding data elements. This diagram is made using the <a href="Meta-modeling" class="mw-redirect" title="Meta-modeling">meta-modeling</a> and <a href="Meta-process_modeling" title="Meta-process modeling">meta-process modeling</a> techniques.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Starting_an_open-source_project">Starting an open-source project</h3></div>

<p>There are several ways in which work on an open-source project can start:

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<ol><li>An individual who senses the need for a project announces the intent to develop a project in public.</li>

<li>A developer working on a limited but working codebase, releases it to the public as the first version of an open-source program.</li>

<li>The source code of a mature project is released to the public.</li>

<li>A well-established open-source project can be <a href="Fork_(software_development)" title="Fork (software development)">forked</a> by an interested outside party.</li></ol>

<p>Eric Raymond observed in his essay <i>The Cathedral and the Bazaar</i> that announcing the intent for a project is usually inferior to releasing a working project to the public.

</p><p>It's a common mistake to start a project when contributing to an existing similar project would be more effective (<a href="Not_Invented_Here" class="mw-redirect" title="Not Invented Here">NIH syndrome</a>). To start a successful project it is very important to investigate what's already there. The process starts with a choice between the adopting of an existing project, or the starting of a new project. If a new project is started, the process goes to the Initiation phase. If an existing project is adopted, the process goes directly to the Execution phase.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_open-source_projects">Types of open-source projects</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="List_of_free_and_open-source_software_packages" title="List of free and open-source software packages">List of free and open-source software packages</a></div>

<p>Several types of open-source projects exist. First, there is the garden variety of software programs and libraries, which consist of standalone pieces of code. Some might even be dependent on other open-source projects. These projects serve a specified purpose and fill a definite need. Examples of this type of project include the <a href="Linux_kernel" title="Linux kernel">Linux kernel</a>, the Firefox web browser and the LibreOffice office suite of tools.

</p><p>Distributions are another type of open-source project. Distributions are collections of software that are published from the same source with a common purpose. The most prominent example of a "distribution" is an operating system. There are many <a href="Linux_distribution" title="Linux distribution">Linux distributions</a> (such as <a href="Debian" title="Debian">Debian</a>, <a href="Fedora_Linux" title="Fedora Linux">Fedora Core</a>, <a href="Mandriva" title="Mandriva">Mandriva</a>, <a href="Slackware" title="Slackware">Slackware</a>, <a href="Ubuntu" title="Ubuntu">Ubuntu</a> etc.) which ship the Linux kernel along with many user-land components. There are other distributions, like <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160331201814/http://www.activestate.com/activeperl">ActivePerl</a>, the <a href="Perl" title="Perl">Perl programming language</a> for various operating systems, and <a href="Cygwin" title="Cygwin">Cygwin</a> distributions of open-source programs for <a href="Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a>.

</p><p>Other open-source projects, like the <a href="Berkeley_Software_Distribution" title="Berkeley Software Distribution">BSD</a> derivatives, maintain the source code of an entire operating system, the kernel and all of its core components, in one <a href="Revision_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Revision control">revision control</a> system; developing the entire system together as a single team. These operating system development projects closely integrate their tools, more so than in the other distribution-based systems.

</p><p>Finally, there is the book or standalone document project. These items usually do not ship as part of an open-source software package. <a href="Linux_Documentation_Project" title="Linux Documentation Project">Linux Documentation Project</a> hosts many such projects that document various aspects of the Linux operating system. There are many other examples of this type of open-source project.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Methods">Methods</h2></div>

<p>It is hard to run an open-source project following a more traditional software development method like the <a href="Waterfall_model" title="Waterfall model">waterfall model</a>, because in these traditional methods it is not allowed to go back to a previous phase. In open-source software development, requirements are rarely gathered before the start of the project; instead they are based on early releases of the software product, as Robbins describes.<sup id="cite_ref-Robbins_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robbins-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Besides requirements, often volunteer staff is attracted to help develop the software product based on the early releases of the software. This <a href="Network_effect" title="Network effect">networking effect</a> is essential according to Abrahamsson et al.: “if the introduced prototype gathers enough attention, it will gradually start to attract more and more developers”. However, Abrahamsson et al. also point out that the community is very harsh, much like the business world of closed-source software: “if you find the customers you survive, but without customers you die”.<sup id="cite_ref-Abrahamsson_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abrahamsson-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Fuggetta<sup id="cite_ref-Fuggetta_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fuggetta-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> argues that “rapid prototyping, incremental and evolutionary development, spiral lifecycle, rapid application development, and, recently, extreme programming and the agile software process can be equally applied to proprietary and open source software”. He also pinpoints <a href="Extreme_Programming" class="mw-redirect" title="Extreme Programming">Extreme Programming</a> as an extremely useful method for open source software development. More generally, all <a href="Agile_programming" class="mw-redirect" title="Agile programming">Agile programming</a> methods are applicable to open-source software development, because of their iterative and incremental character. Other Agile methods are equally useful for both open and closed source software development: <a href="Internet-Speed_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet-Speed Development">Internet-Speed Development</a>, for example is suitable for open-source software development because of the distributed development principle it adopts. Internet-Speed Development uses geographically distributed teams to ‘work around the clock’. This method, mostly adopted by large closed-source firms, (because they're the only ones which afford development centers in different time zones), works equally well in open source projects because a software developed by a large group of volunteers shall naturally tend to have developers spread across all time zones.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tools">Tools</h2></div>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communication_channels">Communication channels</h3></div>

<p>Developers and users of an open-source project are not all necessarily working on the project in proximity. They require some electronic means of communications. <a href="Email" title="Email">Email</a> is one of the most common forms of communication among open-source developers and users. Often, <a href="Electronic_mailing_list" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic mailing list">electronic mailing lists</a> are used to make sure e-mail messages are delivered to all interested parties at once. This ensures that at least one of the members can reply to it. In order to communicate in real time, many projects use an <a href="Instant_messaging" title="Instant messaging">instant messaging</a> method such as <a href="Internet_Relay_Chat" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet Relay Chat">IRC</a>. Web forums have recently become a common way for users to get help with problems they encounter when using an open-source product. <a href="Wiki" title="Wiki">Wikis</a> have become common as a communication medium for developers and users.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Version_control_systems">Version control systems</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Revision_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Revision control">Revision control</a></div>

<p>In OSS development the participants, who are mostly volunteers, are distributed amongst different geographic regions so there is need for tools to aid participants to collaborate in the development of source code.

</p><p>During early 2000s, <a href="Concurrent_Versions_System" title="Concurrent Versions System">Concurrent Versions System</a> (CVS) was a prominent example of a source code collaboration tool being used in OSS projects. CVS helps manage the files and codes of a project when several people are working on the project at the same time. CVS allows several people to work on the same file at the same time. This is done by moving the file into the users’ directories and then merging the files when the users are done. CVS also enables one to easily retrieve a previous version of a file. During mid 2000s, <a href="Apache_Subversion" title="Apache Subversion">The Subversion revision control system</a> (SVN) was created to replace CVS. It is quickly gaining ground as an OSS project version control system.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Many open-source projects are now using <a href="Distributed_version_control" title="Distributed version control">distributed revision control systems</a>, which scale better than centralized repositories such as SVN and CVS. Popular examples are <a href="Git" title="Git">git</a>, used by the <a href="Linux_kernel" title="Linux kernel">Linux kernel</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="Mercurial" title="Mercurial">Mercurial</a>, used by the <a href="Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a> programming language.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bug_trackers_and_task_lists">Bug trackers and task lists</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Bug_tracking_system" title="Bug tracking system">Bug tracking system</a></div>

<p>Most large-scale projects require a bug tracking system to keep track of the status of various issues in the development of the project.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Testing_and_debugging_tools">Testing and debugging tools</h3></div>

<p>Since OSS projects undergo frequent integration, tools that help <a href="Test_automation" title="Test automation">automate testing</a> during <a href="System_integration" title="System integration">system integration</a> are used. An example of such tool is Tinderbox. Tinderbox enables participants in an OSS project to detect errors during system integration. Tinderbox runs a continuous build process and informs users about the parts of source code that have issues and on which platform(s) these issues arise.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>A <a href="Debugger" title="Debugger">debugger</a> is a computer program that is used to debug (and sometimes test or optimize) other programs. <a href="GNU_Debugger" title="GNU Debugger">GNU Debugger</a> (GDB) is an example of a debugger used in open-source software development. This debugger offers remote debugging, what makes it especially applicable to open-source software development.

</p><p>A memory leak tool or <a href="Memory_debugger" title="Memory debugger">memory debugger</a> is a programming tool for finding <a href="Memory_leaks" class="mw-redirect" title="Memory leaks">memory leaks</a> and <a href="Buffer_overflows" class="mw-redirect" title="Buffer overflows">buffer overflows</a>. A memory leak is a particular kind of unnecessary memory consumption by a computer program, where the program fails to release memory that is no longer needed. Examples of memory leak detection tools used by Mozilla are the <a href="XPCOM" title="XPCOM">XPCOM</a> Memory Leak tools.

Validation tools are used to check if pieces of code conform to the specified syntax. An example of a validation tool is <a href="Splint_(programming_tool)" title="Splint (programming tool)">Splint</a>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Package_management">Package management</h3></div>

<p>A <a href="Package_management_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Package management system">package management system</a> is a collection of tools to automate the process of installing, upgrading, configuring, and removing software packages from a computer. The <a href="RPM_Package_Manager" title="RPM Package Manager">Red Hat Package Manager</a> (RPM) for .rpm and <a href="APT_(software)" title="APT (software)">Advanced Packaging Tool</a> (APT) for <a href="Deb_(file_format)" title="Deb (file format)">.deb</a> file format, are package management systems used by a number of Linux distributions.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publicizing_a_project">Publicizing a project</h2></div>

<p>Software directories and release logs:

</p>

<ol><li>The <a href="Free_Software_Directory" title="Free Software Directory">Free Software Directory</a></li></ol>

<p>Articles:

</p>

<ol><li><a href="Linux_Weekly_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Linux Weekly News">Linux Weekly News</a></li>

<li>IBM developerWorks</li></ol>

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<ul><li><a href="Business_models_for_open-source_software" title="Business models for open-source software">Business models for open-source software</a></li>

<li><a href="Government_Open_Code_Collaborative" title="Government Open Code Collaborative">Government Open Code Collaborative</a></li>

<li><a href="Open-source_software_security" title="Open-source software security">Open-source software security</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_composition_analysis" title="Software composition analysis">Software composition analysis</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_development_process" title="Software development process">Software development process</a></li>

<li><a href="Release_management" title="Release management">Release management</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_engineering" title="Software engineering">Software engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Metamodeling" title="Metamodeling">Metamodeling</a></li></ul></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-Raymond-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Raymond_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Raymond, E.S. (1999). <i>The Cathedral & the Bazaar</i>. O'Reilly Retrieved from <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.catb.org/~esr/writings/cathedral-bazaar/">http://www.catb.org/~esr/writings/cathedral-bazaar/</a>.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Barfogel-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Barfogel_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bar, M. & Fogel, K. (2003). <i>Open Source Development with CVS</i>, 3rd Edition. Paraglyph Press. (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">

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</style><a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>1-932111-81-6</bdi>)</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Sharma-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sharma_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sharma, S., Sugumaran, V. & Rajagopalan, B. (2002). <i>A framework for creating hybrid-open source software communities</i>. Information Systems Journal 12 (1), 7 – 25.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Robbins-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Robbins_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robbins, J. E. (2003). <i>Adopting Open Source Software Engineering (OSSE) Practices by Adopting OSSE Tools</i>. Making Sense of the Bazaar: Perspectives on Open Source and Free Software, Fall 2003.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Abrahamsson-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Abrahamsson_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Abrahamsson, P, Salo, O. & Warsta, J. (2002). <i>Agile software development methods: Review and Analysis</i>. VTT Publications.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Fuggetta-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fuggetta_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFFuggetta2003" class="citation journal cs1">Fuggetta, Alfonso (2003). "Open source software––an evaluation". <i>Journal of Systems and Software</i>. <b>66</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">77–</span>90. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0164-1212%2802%2900065-1">10.1016/S0164-1212(02)00065-1</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:0-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.co.uk/magazine/archive/2014/03/web-at-25/tim-berners-lee">"Tim Berners-Lee on the Web at 25: the past, present and future"</a>. <i>Wired UK</i>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.linuxfoundation.org/blog/blog/the-greatness-of-git">"The Greatness of Git - Linux Foundation"</a>. <i>www.linuxfoundation.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-08-25</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFKavanagh2004" class="citation book cs1">Kavanagh, Paul (2004). <i>Open source software: implementation and management</i>. Software development. Amsterdam Boston: Elsevier Digital Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-55558-320-0</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFFeller2005" class="citation book cs1">Feller, Joseph, ed. (2005). <i>Perspectives on free and open source software</i>. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-262-06246-6</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFKoch2005" class="citation book cs1">Koch, Stefan, ed. (2005). <i>Free, open source software development</i>. Hershey, Pa.: Idea Group Publ. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-59140-370-8</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFFogel2005" class="citation book cs1">Fogel, Karl (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/title/ocm62322583"><i>Producing open source software: how to run a successful free software project</i></a> (1st ed.). Beijing ; Sebastopol, CA: O'Reilly. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-596-00759-1</bdi>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/62322583">62322583</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFMuir2005" class="citation book cs1">Muir, Scott P. (2005). <i>Open Source Software</i>. Library Hi Tech. Mark Leggott. Bradford: Emerald Publishing Limited. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-84544-877-6</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFFeller2007" class="citation book cs1">Feller, Joseph (2007). <i>Open Source Development, Adoption and Innovation: IFIP Working Group 2. 13 on Open Source Software, June 11-14, 2007, Limerick, Ireland</i>. IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology Ser. Brian Fitzgerald, Walt Scacchi, Alberto Sillitti. New York, NY: Springer. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-387-72485-0</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFSoweStamelosSamoladas2008" class="citation book cs1">Sowe, Sulayman K.; Stamelos, Ioannis G.; Samoladas, Ioannis M., eds. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/title/ocm84838909"><i>Emerging free and open source software practices</i></a>. Hershey: IGI Pub. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-59904-210-7</bdi>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/84838909">84838909</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFFogel2009" class="citation book cs1">Fogel, Karl (2009). <i>Producing Open Source Software: How to Run a Successful Free Software Project</i>. Sebastopol: O'Reilly Media, Inc. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-596-00759-1</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFEngard2010" class="citation book cs1">Engard, Nicole C. (2010). <i>Practical open source software for libraries</i>. Chandos information professional series. Oxford: Chandos publishing. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-84334-585-5</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFTuckerMorellide_Silva2012" class="citation book cs1">Tucker, Allen B.; Morelli, Ralph; de Silva, Chamindra (2012). <i>Software Development: An Open Source Approach</i>. Chapman and Hall/CRC Innovations in Software Engineering and Software Development Ser. Boca Raton: Chapman and Hall/CRC. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-4398-1290-7</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFHaff2021" class="citation book cs1">Haff, Gordon (2021). <i>How Open Source Ate Software: Understand the Open Source Movement and So Much More</i> (2nd ed.). Berkeley, CA: Apress L. P. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-4842-6799-8</bdi>.</cite></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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</style><div id="Software_engineering336" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Software_engineering" title="Software engineering">Software engineering</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Computer_programming" title="Computer programming">Computer programming</a></li>

<li><a href="DevOps" title="DevOps">DevOps</a></li>

<li><a href="Empirical_software_engineering" title="Empirical software engineering">Empirical software engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Experimental_software_engineering" title="Experimental software engineering">Experimental software engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Formal_methods" title="Formal methods">Formal methods</a></li>

<li><a href="Requirements_engineering" title="Requirements engineering">Requirements engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Search-based_software_engineering" title="Search-based software engineering">Search-based software engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Site_reliability_engineering" title="Site reliability engineering">Site reliability engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_software_engineering" title="Social software engineering">Social software engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_deployment" title="Software deployment">Software deployment</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_design" title="Software design">Software design</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_maintenance" title="Software maintenance">Software maintenance</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_testing" title="Software testing">Software testing</a></li>

<li><a href="Systems_analysis" title="Systems analysis">Systems analysis</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Abstraction_(computer_science)" title="Abstraction (computer science)">Abstraction</a></li>

<li><a href="Computer_compatibility" title="Computer compatibility">Compatibility</a>

<ul><li><a href="Backward_compatibility" title="Backward compatibility">Backward compatibility</a></li>

<li><a href="Compatibility_layer" title="Compatibility layer">Compatibility layer</a></li>

<li><a href="Compatibility_mode" title="Compatibility mode">Compatibility mode</a></li>

<li><a href="Forward_compatibility" title="Forward compatibility">Forward compatibility</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_incompatibility" title="Software incompatibility">Software incompatibility</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Component-based_software_engineering" title="Component-based software engineering">Component-based software engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_modeling" title="Data modeling">Data modeling</a></li>

<li><a href="Enterprise_architecture" title="Enterprise architecture">Enterprise architecture</a></li>

<li><a href="Functional_specification" title="Functional specification">Functional specification</a></li>

<li><a href="Modeling_language" title="Modeling language">Modeling language</a></li>

<li><a href="Programming_paradigm" title="Programming paradigm">Programming paradigm</a></li>

<li><a href="Software" title="Software">Software</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_archaeology" title="Software archaeology">Software archaeology</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_architecture" title="Software architecture">Software architecture</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_configuration_management" title="Software configuration management">Software configuration management</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_development_process" title="Software development process">Software development process/methodology</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_quality" title="Software quality">Software quality</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_quality_assurance" title="Software quality assurance">Software quality assurance</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_system" title="Software system">Software system</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_verification_and_validation" title="Software verification and validation">Software verification and validation</a></li>

<li><a href="Structured_analysis" title="Structured analysis">Structured analysis</a>

<ul><li><a href="Essential_systems_analysis" title="Essential systems analysis">Essential analysis</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Orientations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Agile_software_development" title="Agile software development">Agile</a></li>

<li><a href="Aspect-oriented_programming" title="Aspect-oriented programming">Aspect-oriented</a></li>

<li><a href="Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">Object orientation</a></li>

<li><a href="Ontology_(information_science)" title="Ontology (information science)">Ontology</a></li>

<li><a href="Service-oriented_architecture" title="Service-oriented architecture">Service orientation</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Models</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Developmental</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Agile_software_development" title="Agile software development">Agile</a></li>

<li><a href="Executable_UML" title="Executable UML">Executable UML</a></li>

<li><a href="Incremental_build_model" title="Incremental build model">Incremental model</a></li>

<li><a href="Iterative_and_incremental_development" title="Iterative and incremental development">Iterative model</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_prototyping" title="Software prototyping">Prototype model</a></li>

<li><a href="Scrum_(software_development)" title="Scrum (software development)">Scrum</a></li>

<li><a href="Spiral_model" title="Spiral model">Spiral model</a></li>

<li><a href="V-model_(software_development)" title="V-model (software development)">V-model</a></li>

<li><a href="Waterfall_model" title="Waterfall model">Waterfall model</a></li>

<li><a href="Model-driven_engineering" title="Model-driven engineering">Model-driven engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Round-trip_engineering" title="Round-trip engineering">Round-trip engineering</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Data_model" title="Data model">Data model</a></li>

<li><a href="Entity%E2%80%93relationship_model" title="Entity–relationship model">ER model</a></li>

<li><a href="Function_model" title="Function model">Function model</a></li>

<li><a href="Information_model" title="Information model">Information model</a></li>

<li><a href="Metamodeling" title="Metamodeling">Metamodeling</a></li>

<li><a href="Object_model" title="Object model">Object model</a></li>

<li><a href="ISO/IEC_15504" title="ISO/IEC 15504">SPICE</a></li>

<li><a href="Systems_modeling" title="Systems modeling">Systems model</a></li>

<li><a href="View_model" title="View model">View model</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Systems_modeling_language" title="Systems modeling language">SysML</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Systems_design" title="Systems design">Systems design</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Software_requirements_specification" title="Software requirements specification"> Requirements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Functional_requirement" title="Functional requirement">Functional requirement</a></li>

<li><a href="Non-functional_requirement" title="Non-functional requirement">Non-functional requirement</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Capacity_planning" title="Capacity planning"> Capacity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Active_users" title="Active users"> Users</a></li>

<li><a href="Central_processing_units" class="mw-redirect" title="Central processing units"> Compute</a></li>

<li><a href="Computer_memory" title="Computer memory"> Memory</a></li>

<li><a href="Computer_data_storage" title="Computer data storage"> Storage</a></li>

<li><a href="Bandwidth_(computing)" title="Bandwidth (computing)"> Network</a></li>

<li><a href="Web_traffic" title="Web traffic">Web traffic</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Interface_(computing)" title="Interface (computing)"> Interface</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="GraphQL" title="GraphQL">GraphQL</a></li>

<li><a href="Webhook" title="Webhook">Webhook</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="High-level_design" title="High-level design">High-level design</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Client_(computing)" title="Client (computing)"> Client</a></li>

<li><a href="Load_balancing_(computing)" title="Load balancing (computing)"> Load balancing</a></li>

<li><a href="Application_server" title="Application server">Application server</a></li>

<li><a href="Message_queue" title="Message queue">Message queue</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="System_Integration" class="mw-redirect" title="System Integration"> Integration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Vertical_integration" title="Vertical integration"> Vertical</a></li>

<li><a href="API_management" title="API management"> API Gateway</a></li>

<li><a href="Event_store" title="Event store"> Event Source</a></li>

<li><a href="Batch_processing" title="Batch processing"> Batch</a></li>

<li><a href="Stream_processing" title="Stream processing">Stream</a></li>

<li><a href="Orchestration_(computing)" title="Orchestration (computing)"> Orchestration</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Architectures" class="mw-redirect" title="Architectures">Architectures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Monolithic_application" title="Monolithic application"> Monolithic</a></li>

<li><a href="Microservices" title="Microservices">Microservices</a></li>

<li><a href="Event-driven_architecture" title="Event-driven architecture"> Event-Driven</a></li>

<li><a href="Client%E2%80%93server_model" title="Client–server model"> Client–server</a></li>

<li><a href="Serverless_computing" title="Serverless computing"> Serverless</a></li>

<li><a href="Circuit_breaker_design_pattern" title="Circuit breaker design pattern"> Circuit breaker</a></li>

<li><a href="Rate_limiting" title="Rate limiting">Rate limiting</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Database" title="Database">Database</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Relational_database" title="Relational database"> Relational</a></li>

<li><a href="NoSQL" title="NoSQL">NoSQL</a></li>

<li><a href="Graph_database" title="Graph database"> Graph</a></li>

<li><a href="Key%E2%80%93value_database" title="Key–value database"> Key–value</a></li>

<li><a href="Time_series_database" title="Time series database"> Time series</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_orientation" title="Data orientation"> Column Oriented</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Systems_design" title="Systems design"> Principles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Consistency_(database_systems)" title="Consistency (database systems)">Consistency</a></li>

<li><a href="Reliability_engineering" title="Reliability engineering">Reliability</a></li>

<li><a href="CAP_theorem" title="CAP theorem">CAP theorem</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_maintenance" title="Software maintenance"> Maintainability</a></li>

<li><a href="Computer_configuration" title="Computer configuration"> Configurability</a></li>

<li><a href="Modularity" title="Modularity">Modularity</a></li>

<li><a href="Durability_(database_systems)" title="Durability (database systems)"> Durability</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Scalability" title="Scalability">Scalability</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Service_statelessness_principle" title="Service statelessness principle"> Stateless</a></li>

<li><a href="Asynchronous_I/O" title="Asynchronous I/O">Asynchronous I/O</a></li>

<li><a href="Loose_coupling" title="Loose coupling">Loose coupling</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Availability" title="Availability">Availability</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Fault_tolerance" title="Fault tolerance">Fault tolerance</a></li>

<li><a href="Failover" title="Failover">Failover</a></li>

<li><a href="Single_point_of_failure" title="Single point of failure">Single point of failure</a></li>

<li><a href="Replication_(computing)" title="Replication (computing)"> Replication</a></li>

<li><a href="Consistent_hashing" title="Consistent hashing">Consistent hashing</a></li>

<li><a href="Circuit_breaker_design_pattern" title="Circuit breaker design pattern"> Circuit breaker</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Latency_(engineering)" title="Latency (engineering)">Latency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cache_(computing)" title="Cache (computing)"> Cache</a></li>

<li><a href="Shard_(database_architecture)" title="Shard (database architecture)"> Shard </a></li>

<li><a href="Database_index" title="Database index">Database index</a></li>

<li><a href="Cache_prefetching" title="Cache prefetching"> Pre-caching</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Computer_data_storage" title="Computer data storage"> Storage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Object_storage" title="Object storage">Object storage</a></li>

<li><a href="Block-level_storage" title="Block-level storage"> Block storage</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Observability_(software)" title="Observability (software)"> Observability</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Logging_(computing)" title="Logging (computing)"> Logging</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_metric" title="Software metric"> Metrics</a></li>

<li><a href="Tracing_(software)" title="Tracing (software)"> Tracing </a></li>

<li><a href="Failure_rate" title="Failure rate"> Error rate </a></li>

<li><a href="Queries_per_second" title="Queries per second">Queries per second </a></li>

<li><a href="Notification_system" title="Notification system">Notification system</a></li>

<li><a href="Anomaly_detection" title="Anomaly detection">Anomaly detection</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Computer_engineering" title="Computer engineering">Computer engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Computer_science" title="Computer science">Computer science</a></li>

<li><a href="Information_science" title="Information science">Information science</a></li>

<li><a href="Project_management" title="Project management">Project management</a></li>

<li><a href="Risk_management" title="Risk management">Risk management</a></li>

<li><a href="Systems_engineering" title="Systems engineering">Systems engineering</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category</li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Software_engineering" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Software engineering">Commons</a></li></ul>

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This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-07-17" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Open-source_software_development&oldid=1301023509">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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